The Cortex and the Critical Point: Understanding the Power of Emergence.
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Innhold: Intro — Contents — Acknowledgments — Introduction — The Critical Point in Context — The Goals and Structure of This Book — I. Background — 1. The Main Idea — A Simple Model — Optimal Information Processing — The Appearance of Emergent Phenomena — Power Laws — Avalanches — A Phase Transition — From a Model to Data — The Criticality Hypothesis — Objections and Responses to the Criticality Hypothesis — Chapter Summary — 2. Emergent Phenomena — Methodological Reductionism — The Wave as an Emergent Phenomenon — Emergent Phenomena in the Brain — A Simple Model of Emergent Phenomena in the Brain — Complex Emergent Phenomena Occur at a Phase Transition — More Complex Emergent Phenomena? — How to Study Emergent Phenomena — Chapter Summary — II. The Critical Point and Its Consequences — 3. The Critical Point — The Branching Model: A Branching Ratio Near 1 — The Branching Model: A Phase Transition with Control and Order Parameters — The Branching Model: An Exponent Relation between Multiple Power Laws — The Branching Model: Fractal Copies of Avalanches — Signatures of Being near the Critical Point — Signatures of the Critical Point from the Data — In Vitro Experiments — Data: A Branching Ratio near 1 — Data: A Phase Transition with Control and Order Parameters — Data: An Exponent Relation between Multiple Power Laws — Data: Fractal Copies of Avalanches — Objections to These Signatures of Criticality — Chapter Summary — 4. Optimality — The Branching Model: Information Transmission — The Branching Model: Dynamic Range — The Branching Model: Susceptibility — Data: Dynamic Range — Data: Information Transmission — Data: Susceptibility — Other Predictions Yet to Be Tested — Chapter Summary — 5. Universality — Universality in Physical Systems — Universality in the Cortex: Indicators., Indicators Seen across Species — Indicators Seen across Scales — Described by a Simple Model — Chapter Summary — III. Future Directions — 6. Homeostasis and Health — Homeostasis toward the Critical Point after a Major Perturbation — Sleep and Homeostasis toward the Critical Point — Sensory Adaptation toward the Critical Point — Development toward the Critical Point — Themes from Homeostasis Results — Health — Chapter Summary — 7. Quasicriticality — Universality: Unfinished Issues — A Possible Solution: Quasicriticality — Another View: Slightly Subcritical — Another View: Subsampling — Another View: Griffiths Phase — Chapter Summary — 8. Cortex — The Expansion of Cortical Area — Associations of Associations — The Special Role of Layers 2 and 3 — Multifunctionality and the Critical Point — Nearly Critical in Layers 2 and 3, but Not in Layer 5 — Staying Nearly Critical While Learning — Timescales throughout the Hierarchy — Chapter Summary — 9. Epilogue — What We Know — What We Don’t Know — Frontier Issues — What I Did Not Cover — Appendix — Relation between Power-Law Exponent and Slope (Chapters 1 and 6) — When the Average Value of a Power Law Diverges and When It Does Not (Chapters 1 and 6) — Long-Range Temporal Correlations (Chapters 1, 6, and 8) — Informal Derivation of the Exponent Relation (Chapters 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8) — Avalanche Shape Collapse (Chapters 3, 5, 6, and 8) — How to Quantify Network Dynamics (Chapters 4 and 8) — Software and Data for Exercises and Analyses — Notes — Chapter 1 — Chapter 2 — Chapter 3 — Chapter 4 — Chapter 5 — Chapter 6 — Chapter 7 — Chapter 8 — References — Index., How the cerebral cortex operates near a critical phase transition point for optimum performance.
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